British Restoration Era English Literature

London in the age of Goldsmith was entirely different from the London as we know today. Great social, political and economical changes were in the air when Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer was enacted. These changes created a turning point of fortune of many families there by making some impoverished and many others prosper to become one among the middle class families of England. As a result, marriages and love affairs, instead of being the union of two people, the man and woman, both physically and mentally, it became union of money, land and titles.Hence the decreasing of wealth in the rural, old and titled families and an increase in the wealth in newly affluent commercial urban areas brought about various marriages of children from titled families, with those of untitled, cash-rich but land-poor commercial families. This balance is what Goldsmith tries to drive home in his famous play She Stoops to Conquer. Moreover, â€Å"the play also offers three types of marriage. O ne possibility: a loveless, parentally-enforced marriage, as that arranged by Mrs. Hardcastle between Tony and Constance.Another option: marriage for love, but against parental wishes, as seen in Hastings’s plans for eloping with Constance. Finally, the best solution, compromise between parent and child, as in Kate’s marriage with Marlow — a marriage based on affection but also sanctioned by paternal authority. † Schmidt, http://www. answers. com/topic/she-stoops-to-conquer-play-7) Passionate love existed definitely, but it was not directly linked to marriage. Love in those times is well explicated by Goldsmith through his varied characters as represented in the play.To start with, we have Mr. Hardcastle who loves everything that is â€Å"old†, including his wife. He is a loving husband who loves his wife most intensely in spite of the fact that there is a lot of difference in their natures. He is a very home loving person as we see his wife complai ning every now and then that they are not frequenting London to polish up their manners and acquire knowledge of the latest fashions. It is truly because of him that their life goes on uneventfully. He represents the gentle man of the society at that time.His good nature and generosity alone bring the two love stories to a happy end and the mistakes of the night are crowned with merry-making in the morning. Mrs. Hardcastle, greedy, self-centered, with no regard for the feeling, likes and dislikes of others, sees love and marriage only in terms of monetary wealth. She truly represents the attitude of love and money of those times in the so-called aristocratic families. To retain her orphan niece’s (Constance Neville) fortune in the form of jewellery in the family, she tries to get her married with her son, Tony Lumpkin, who is a person who cannot be spoiled more.She does not consider at all, that he is unworthy of his cousin and that he himself dislikes her and wants to marry another woman. Blinded by her greed and her infatuation for her son, she courts Constance on behalf of her son and tries her best to unite them in holy wedlock. The result is that she loses both, the jewellery and her niece. Her portrayal makes explicit the fact that women of her age in those days tended to be cruel mothers who never paid any respect to either the romantic or the ordinary feelings of their children if they did not have a monetary significance.Marlowe represents the well-to-do families of the day who thinks that in order to prove his worth he has to travel long and wide and thus understand more about manhood. He is the kind of man whom ladies in those ages are after. ‘Manhood’ is just in his thoughts not deeds as we see him shy and moody in the company of ladies of higher rank and status. In keeping with the age, for him too marriage is more related to social positions and monetary affairs than love.That is why he rejects Kate when he is still mistaking her for a simple barmaid instead of a lady: â€Å"But to be plain with you, the difference of our birth, fortune and education makes an honourable connection impossible; and I can never harbour a thought of seducing simplicity that trusted in my honour, or bringing ruin upon one whose only fault was being too lovely. † (p. 42). Whatever be his shortcomings, Kate falls in love with him as he satisfies all the demands that women of that age sought in a man. Hence his drawbacks are easily forgotten and even if there is any left, Kate resolves to cure him of that.His character develops in due course of the play and becomes worthy of Kate who has discerned his potential capacity to become a genuine love. No doubt, he represents the typical middle class man who gives equal regard to money, love and good manners. As a foil to him, we have Hastings, a well-dressed young man of considerable physical charms. He is presented as the most romantic and the most impractical man who has led an easy comfortable life like Marlow, but is not at all have a dual character like him. His love for Constance is true, deep and sincere.He loves her only for herself, and no mercenary conditions weigh with him. He presses her to elope with him leaving behind her fortune for his love is not tainted by monetary things. Their love affair can be said as the most straight forward one but we see that too as being conditioned by money. As Mrs. Hardcastle is the keeper of Neville’s jewels, to get back her wealth, Constance should marry the person whom she pleases, unless the person refuses. It is to keep the money in the family itself that she forces her son to marry Constance. But Constance and Hastings proclaim their love several times disregarding the money.During a conversation that both hold, Miss Neville states she would rather marry him once she owns all her jewels so that they can secure their future: â€Å"The instant they (jewels) are put into my possession you shall find me ready to make them and myself yours†. But Hastings exclaims: â€Å"Perish the baubles! Your person is all I desire† (p. 19). Even when the young lady assures that â€Å"in the moment of passion, fortune may be despised, but it ever produces a lasting repentance† Hastings insists on letting their feelings flow: â€Å"Perish fortune.Love and contempt will increase what we possess beyond a monarch’s revenue. Let me prevail† (p. 56). Kate Hardcastle is a lover who rises to the occasion whenever such a situation arises. She is presented as vivacious, young and very inventive. Instead of waiting meekly to make her lover change to a bold person, she takes things into her hands. If she remains inactive, she will lose Marlow. Hence she throws all her false modesty to the wind and decides to win a husband even at the cost of some maidenly modesty and delicacy.She chases and courts instead of being chased and courted. As her foil is presented Constance Nev ille, who is straight forward, sensible and determined. In her pretence of love to Tony to satisfy her aunt, her stooping is moral and not merely social as that of Kate. â€Å"She Stoops to Conquer is a beautifully constructed play where love conquers all, despite the combined efforts of a greedy woman, her inept son and an unfortunate case of ‘pedestalisation of women' in the young male lead! †( Henderson, http://www. cops.org. uk/reviews/she_stoops. htm). Hence in the play we see people loving and marrying for several reasons; for love, for money or just to follow patterns of the existing society. Works Cited: Henderson, Catherine, http://www. cops. org. uk/reviews/she_stoops. htm. Schmidt, Arnold http://www. answers. com/topic/she-stoops-to-conquer-play-7. Jeffares, Harman A. , Goldsmith’s ‘She Stoops to Conquer’, Macmillan Co. Ltd, Great Britain, 1966. Wood R. J. , ‘She Stoops to Conquer’, Coles Publishing Company, Canada, 1968.

How Aztec Culture Survived Essay

Aztec refers to Nahuatl speaking people from the central region of Mexico. There are other groups who are related to this community; they include the Acolhua and the Tepanic. This essay analyses the history of the Aztec people, their culture and how they survived the Spaniard conquest. The Aztecs were located in the south central region of Mexico. They lived in Mesoamerica highlands in the area of basins which are separated by dissected mountain ranges and eroded volcanic peaks. The Aztecs originated from the remote north at around the early 13th century. They were moving around the valley of Mexico in their struggle of survival. Their experiences went to the extent of Aztecs being enslaved by another tribe. They stopped their migratory pattern in 1325 when they settled on the south west of Lake Texaco. This was after they saw an eagle sitting on a pricking pear stem. To the community, this was an omen which announced the location where they should settle and make their city (Msdu. du, 2010, Par 1-4). In part of their culture, the Aztecs maintained their activities of fishing, hunting, garden techniques, and gathering. The rivers in the valley were rich in fish, shrimp, insects, tadpoles, and pasta. There were those who settled near the ocean and they ate crabs, fish, turtles, and fish. This means that water was the main source of their livelihoods. They hunted animals such a rabbits, armadillos, snakes, pumas, coyotes, and deer. In addition, they hunted the wild turkey. The community gathered crops such as cocoa, bananas, pumpkins, squash, beans, tobacco, chili, onions, green tomatoes, red tomatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, and vanilla. Later, they began warring with other tribes and they conquered them. The Aztecs allowed the tribes that they conquered to maintain their government and religion but the tribes were supposed to provide the Aztecs with textiles, food, pottery, and other items that they required (Native Web, 1995, Par 2-4). The Aztec people spoke Nahauatl Language but did not have a written language. They however had no written records. Instead, they used varieties of hieroglyphic paintings and the methods of direct representation as ways of keeping their records. The first contact of the Aztec empire with the Spanish conquest was during the reign of Ahuitzotl from 1486 to1502. The Spaniards and their allies became very dangerous to the people of Aztec. Hostilities developed, leading to the massacre of the Aztec main temple and the death of their leader, Montezuma II. On July 1, the Spaniards fled the town, leading to an episode which they referred to as The Sad Night. The Aztec society was helped by the native allies to fight the Spaniards and in August 13, the battle ended. They conquered but due to the poor leadership that prevailed, the falling of the empire was witnessed. Despite the empire’s declination, their culture still remained intact. This led to positive development of the Aztec culture because the Spaniard presence did not affect their way of life. Today, many traditional groups of Mexican Americans can trace their origin from the time of Aztec tradition. They are well known today for human sacrifices. During the special events, a slave was sacrificed to honor the gods and to regulate the human existence (Anguilar-Moreno 131). In conclusion, I found out that Nahuatl language which is the traditional language for the Aztec is being spoken by 1. 5 million people. In Mexico City, most of the buildings and streets have Nahuatl names. This means that the Aztec old days are still respected up to now.

Ballistics and forensic science

The amount of damage a bullet has sustained upon hitting a hard surface can help determine approximately where the shooter was standing, what angle the gun was fired from, and when the gun was fired. Any residue on the bullet can be studied and compared to residue on the hand of a suspect, on the gun that was fired, or on any object that was close by when the firearm was used. This information helps researchers uncover the identity of the shooter. When the bullets are missing, the type of impact they made can lead Investigators to ascertain what kind of bullet the rimming used, and therefore the type of gun as well.Studying the markings found on a bullet or the Impact a bullet made on any surface can establish exactly which gun the criminal used. Every firearm produces a slightly different and unique pattern on the shell-casing It fires; the bullet will therefore imprint a distinct pattern upon anything It hits. Once scientists have Identified these markings they can easily match them to the appropriate firearm. There are many experts deeply Involved In this study, and they are frequently called upon to help solve crimes.Ballistics details are also commonly Input Into a large database that can be accessed by law enforcement agencies all across the country. When someone enters new data, the computer locates any relevant data from previous Investigations. This Information can lead to the discovery of the owner of a particular weapon, and assist In tracking down the guilty party who fired the gun. Ballistics and forensic science By freshmen type of impact they made can lead investigators to ascertain what kind of bullet theStudying the markings found on a bullet or the impact a bullet made on any surface different and unique pattern on the shell-casing it fires; the bullet will therefore imprint a distinct pattern upon anything it hits. Once scientists have identified these There are many experts deeply involved in this study, and they are frequently called upon to help solve crimes. Ballistics details are also commonly input into a large previous investigations.

Critically explore the management and leadership skills required by Essay

Critically explore the management and leadership skills required by the newly qualified staff nurse - Essay Example eason of this delay in progress is the fact that the main care providers which is the nursing staff is either ignored in making a policy or they are just not qualified enough to become a part of policy establishment. In order to ensure a good flow of a good health care provision it is very important to make sure that nursing practice is up to the requirement. The management skills that will be focused in the essay include: communication, problem solving, and delegation- prioritizing workload and time management. This essay will also be discussing leadership styles and theories, which a newly qualified may adopt, such as: democratic, autocratic, and laissez-faire, transformational and transactional ((Sullivan and Decker, 2001). According to Yoder-Wise (2007) management can be defined as â€Å"the work of an individual who channels others through a series of routines, procedures, or predefined practice guidelines. However, management can also be defined as the focus of maintaining ord er, planning, organizing, coordinating resources and attending to rules and details† (Jennings et al, 2007) Nursing staff is the major operator of the health care system; they are the ones physically more in contact with the clients. In- order to have them work better towards achieving the set goals we need to keep them up to date. â€Å"Learning theorists say that the hardest aspect of learning, particularly for highly educated and successful individuals such as nurses and doctors, is unlearning. A person who would learn (or even better create) something new must have a mindset willing to doubt what he or she knows. Only after admitting that what we know might be inaccurate or incomplete or non-functional, can we consider alternatives. Thus, we must unlearn in order to learn†. (Waldman, D. & Yourstone, S.A.2007). in order to have a sound health care system only through upgrading clinical practice it has to happen in a systematic way, Nursing staff has to have a continu um of learning,

Polis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Polis - Essay Example However, by the 12th century BC, they started living as nomadic or sedentary tribes. By the 8th century BC, these tribes grew into political entities that revolved around trade and commerce. From here, the Polis was born, spurred on by the need for common protection and organization among these entities. The Polis was not a structure that was bound by territory as much as it was bound by political, religious, or tribal affiliation of the members. A polis would be composed of several tribes, or demes; foreigners, or metics; and slaves. Only the demes would be truly considered as citizens and would have the right to participate in the polis' government. The polis, being a small city-state (Sparta was the largest at only 3000 square miles), allowed for much political experimentation. At the beginning, various structures were employed by the Greek states - monarchies (rule by kings), oligarchies (rule by a few), timocracies (rule by the wealthy), tyrannies (rule by tyrants or usurpers) and democracies (rule by the people). The states adopted the structure that they saw most fit for the crises they encountered. One other advantage of a polis was its size. Since the polis was a small city-based entity, it was easier to manage, organize.

AOL Inc. Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AOL Inc. Company - Assignment Example The covenants dictate how the company incurs debt, creates lien pay dividend or even enters into mergers and acquisitions. Any breach of any of the covenants would lead to a default which may cause the lenders to terminate their commitments under the credit facility (AOL Inc., 2015). That would be financially detrimental to the firm. The firm may also not be in a position to settle any conversion of Notes in cash or even repay them at maturity. The use of convertible note hedge transactions and warrant transactions may influence the prices of stock. That would adversely affect the value of stock the shareholders hold in the company. According to company records, there were about 14,668 holders of common stock as of February 24, 2015 (AOL Inc., 2015). However, brokers and other institutions held the shares on behalf of the stockholders. The company does not declare dividends every year as that would influence to a great extent the amount of common stock it may issue. The last time it declared special dividend was on August 26, 2012, which was $5.15 per share (AOL Inc., 2015). The company has no anticipation of the declaration of dividend in the near future. The company’s stock prices have fluctuated over the last two years indicating that the trend may persist into the future. However, a graph comparing the performance of AOL Inc.’s common stock with the Morgan Stanley High-Technology index and the S & P Midcap 400 Index show a gradual improvement in AOL Inc.’s returns. Over the five year period, AOL Inc.’s returns record a rise.

Strategic Audit for the Body Shop Research Paper

Strategic Audit for the Body Shop - Research Paper Example The company, from the very beginning, tried to present itself as the leader in corporate social responsibility. Throughout its history, the company fought against human right abuses, and abuse of animals and plants. Environment protection was an important part of the agenda of the company. As a result, the company gained a large number of environmental friendly customers in America and Europe, and this helped develop a standard image in Asia and Middle East too. The company always promoted five core values which are as follows. 1. Against animal testing The company claims that it will not purchase any ingredient that is tested on animals for cosmetics purposes. In addition, the company campaigns against cosmetics tests on animals. Instead of testing on animals, the company depends on human volunteer trials like skin patch tests. In 1986, the company joined the ‘Save the Whale Campaign’ along with Greenpeace. In 1990s, the company conducted a number of campaigns against animal testing. 2. Protecting the environment The company, throughout its history, has supported all activities aimed at environmental protection. In 2001, the Body Shop joined Greenpeace in the effort to raise awareness of the global warming. In addition, in its environmental policy, the company promoted the idea, ‘reduce, recycle, and reuse’. The company’s policy of recycling, and encouraging customers to refill their products by reusing bottles won the heart of many environment-friendly customers around the world. 3. Human rights Throughout its history, the company fought for human rights. To illustrate, in 2000, the company started ‘Make your Mark’ campaign with their 3,000,000 customers signed up. The program intends to address human rights issues, especially in neglected areas. Undoubtedly, the Body Shop gets a lot of publicity in the effort to promote human rights. An example of this company’s human rights efforts is the fight for the rights of Ogoni people in Nigeria that won the wrath of Nigerian government. 4. Support Community Trade Through this program, the company collects ingredients and accessories from small producers around the world, especially from underprivileged societies. The company ensures fair prices, and this money goes back to the society to improve their lives’ basic needs like water and education. Presently, the company has trades with more than 42 community trade suppliers in more than 26 nations around the globe. To illustrate, as stated i n The Body Shop International values Report (Living our values, 2009), its palm oil comes from Columbia, coconut oil from Samoa, timber from Russia, Peppermint oil from Norfolk, cocoa butter from Ghana, Soya oil from Brazil, beeswax from Africa, and Footsie Roller from India. However, one has to doubt if the step will help such communities become independent as they tend to be totally dependent on the company for survival. 5. Self-esteem Te Body Shop always advocated the promotion of self-esteem especially in women. According to the company, it is about respecting oneself, looking after body and soul, and being proud of what one is. In 1998, there came a publication named ‘The Body and Self Esteem’ that was meant to raise awareness on the issues of

The Problems North Korea Poses For Contemporary East Asia Research Paper

The Problems North Korea Poses For Contemporary East Asia - Research Paper Example Justifiably, the country has been dealing with severe political problems that are affecting other nations of the Asian continent (Mervio 19-30). There are various issues that North Korea is facing in the present day scenario which is affecting the entire nation along with the countries of the East Asian region in a comprehensive manner. In this regard, a few of the basic and the most crucial significant issues poses by North Korea for contemporary East Asia are the inability to suffice the daily requirements of the people, inhumane treatment and imbalance in the context of criminal justice system among others. It is worth mentioning in this similar context that the unstable political and social economic conditions of North Korea have certainly posed severe threats for the nations of East Asia by a certain extent. More importantly, it is the problem of the challenge of security tensions, which North Korea is dealing with (Borthwick 15-20). The country i.e. North Korea has initiated two of the most drastic nuclear programs in terms of magnitude. Likewise, it is ranked as the third largest in terms of its chemical weapon arsenal. Notably, the country has fired missiles such as Nodong and Taepodong to Asian countries like Japan and South Korea that certainly resulted in mass destruction. This can be duly considered as one of the negative impacts of the country imposed on the nations of East Asia. Lack of proper leadership in the country has also resulted in erupting major issues that affected the rapid pace of development of the East Asian nations and the global countries altogether. It will be vital to mention that the aspects including poverty, unstable economy and prevalence of improper legislative structures are deemed to be certain crucial issues that North Korea is dealing in this contemporary scenario. The problems of security in North Korea have been widely regarded as a threat to the  countries of the East Asia n regions along with the other international nations in the global paradigm.

Volkswagen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Volkswagen - Essay Example Additionally, the paper also discusses the company’s SBUs and growth strategies to assist the creation of a clearer stance on the development of Volkswagen’s strategic direction. Appraisal of strategic decisions is also conducted to provide direction for further considerations and research. Recommendations focus on the expansion of Volkswagen in developing markets by application of current strategies and the enhancement of its position in the markets of India, China and Brazil. 1. Introduction As one of the key players in its industry, German automobile manufacturer Volkswagen stands as the 14th largest company in the world according to Forbes (2013). Relying on the foundations of advancing corporate social responsibility and sustainability through its operations, Volkswagen’s mission extends to the provision of customer satisfaction, which is a practice that the company hopes would lead to its attainment of the first position in the global automotive industry by the year 2018. For the purposes of realizing its objectives, the company implements and follows what is known as a group strategy across its departments in order to fulfill its aim of recording 10 million sales of automobiles in a year and generating a pre-tax profit margin of 8% (Volkswagen 2011). This report comprehensively covers the aspects of Volkswagen’s strategic position and strategic direction in addition to a critical evaluation of Volkswagen Group’s strategy to highlight the company’s path in meeting its long term objectives effectively. 2. ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC POSITION 2.1 External Analysis In examining the external position of Volkswagen Group, this section of the report utilizes the evaluations of tools such as the PESTEL analysis, Porter’s Five Forces analysis and the industry life cycle. 2.1.1 PESTEL ANALYSIS POLITICAL The UNECE agreement introduced in 1958 was initiated by the EU to provide an incentive to automakers operating within th e political region by diminishing compliance costs. While, the UNECE agreement is critical to enhancing Volkswagen’s cost efficiency the Cars 2020 reform proposed by the EU will allow the company to expand its geographical reach (European Commission 2013). ECONOMIC Following the global economic downturn, analysts such as Pearson (2013) are predicting a gradual and steady recovery in Europe’s demand for automobiles which had diminished to a great extent. Both the consistency in demand for cars outside of the EU and a revival in demand within the EU is a positive sign for Volkswagen Group. SOCIAL The market positioning of Volkswagen’s brands has significantly assisted its aim of catering to the unpredictably of social transitions and changes in consumer preferences. By balancing cars that offer great value and automobiles such as the Phaeton that is designed for the high-end customer, Volkswagen Group is greatly equipped with facing any amendments with regards to social factors. TECHNOLOGICAL Volkswagen has increased its investments in R&D and constant innovation owing to the competitiveness of the automobile industry. The relentless efforts of the company’s R&D and innovations department have led to the development of technologies such as BlueMotion, Assistance systems and TDI. ENVIRONMENTAL

Cost control analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Cost control analysis - Research Paper Example was identified as a key factor contributing to poor cost control measures, leading the management to expend resources that it would have invested in something else. Solutions on these defects in cost management have been identified through the research. Adoption of Just-in-time model will ensure irrelevant costs have been scraped; lean manufacturing model, on the other hand, will reduce the wastage of resources as suggested by one of the cooks in the interview conducted during the research. Results of the recommendation will be evidence on the profit levels and efficiency in operations The level of profit a firm can generate in a given fiscal year not only depends on the sales level, but also it cost control measures. Cost can be defined as the amount incurred by an organization in its pursuit for generating income. This therefore, means that costs are inevitable in any organization that intends to generate income. Costs are classified according to the relationship with the level of production. There are two main types of costs namely; Fixed cost and variable cost. Fixed costs do not vary with the level of production while variable cost varies with the level of production (Evans, 1964). During the internship program at Joe’s Excellent Chinese, these costs were evidenced on the production processes. In this paper, research will be conducted to identify the causes for the cost increase and how it can be controlled for overall benefit of Joe’s Excellent Chinese Cuisine. The problem for this research rotates around cost with its implication in the profit generated in a given fiscal year. Costs are unavoidable, and it is upon the management of Joe’s Excellent Chinese to come up with a strategy that will minimize the cost. Competitors of the firm offer same product (food) at an almost same price. This has created a problem for Joe’s Excellent Chinese since consumers do not see any difference as far as price is concerned. It should be noted that consumers are

School Bullying vs Work Bullying Essay Example for Free

School Bullying vs Work Bullying Essay Bullying has been a problem in schools for a very long and it is gaining more attention due to media and anti-bullying programs. There are many different types of bullying. The kinds of bullying that are most common are physical, verbal, cyber bullying, and racial harassment. All types of bullying are serious and need to be stopped. Physical bullying can be in the form of hitting, kicking, shoving, punching, or any other kind of physical harm. Even threatening someone with physical harm is considered bullying. Boys are more likely to be involved in this category than girls. Another kind of bullying is verbal bullying occurs when the bully uses language to out down or discourage a person because of things such as the person’s appearance, physical inabilities, or their actions. Name calling is a major part in verbal bullying. This also includes spreading/starting rumors about somebody. One very well known method of bullying is via the Internet. This is called cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is the use of email, text messages, and social networking sites to harass someone. Bullying is a problem in our schools and it creates an unsafe environment for all who attend school. Bullying is not something that can just be addressed inside one teachers classroom, it requires a comprehensive community effort to effectively stop bullying and the tolerance of bullying. The factors that are a result of victimization are the same ones that cause students to be targeted and bullied it is a vicious cycle. When educators are not afraid to intervene in a situation involving bullying the student’s self-esteem rises as well as their willingness to learn. Bullying in the workplace is also a problem that many employers will come across. If bullying is handled badly, or goes unchecked, there can be serious problems for an organisation. However, behaviour that is considered bullying by one person, maybe be considered as firm management by another. There are many definitions of bullying. It can be said that bullying is offensive, intimidating or insulting behaviour towards an individual. There are many actions that both employers and employees can take when bullying takes place at work. In addition as mentioned above, peoples views on what constitutes bullying can differ. Workplace bullying refers to the continuous criticism, negative comments on ones work or personality etc which harm the mental state of an employee On the other hand according to a survey done, it was found that the employees who had undergone the workplace bullying in any form, say, belittling comments, abuses, continuous criticism etc had much more chances of being depressed, having inferiority complex, little job satisfaction and thus leaving their jobs than those who had undergone the sexual harassment. However in addition to this, it was also found out from the same survey that the employees who had experienced the workplace bullying had much more job stress, anger, anxiety and lower level of job commitment than the others.

Media & University of Hawaii West O’ahu Essay Example for Free

Media University of Hawaii West O’ahu Essay A critique is not only a personal response, it is considered as a formalized, critical assessment of a text or other media (University of Hawaii West O’ahu, n. d. ). Writing a systematic evaluation of a writing sample is painstaking and it goes beyond saying that the text is satisfactory, out of the ordinary, or unacceptable. The Hunter College Reading Writing Center (n. d. ) listed the steps required to critique a piece of writing which includes describing the writer’s objective, analyzing how the sections of the writings were joined together, interpreting the importance of every section and assessing the value of the work. In writing a critique, it is important to consider the following elements – content, organization, style and correctness (Birk, 2000) as this determines if the essay, article or any literary work is informative, authentic, interesting, appropriate for the target reader, has a clear purpose, sufficient in scope, and free from grammatical error. In the content, one determines the suitability of the theme and how it was developed by the writer. The following questions can also serve as a guide, â€Å"Is the topic appropriate and interesting? †, â€Å"Is the writing intended for a specific reader? †, â€Å"Does it offer sufficient examples, evidence and anecdotes to substantiate the author’s view or argument? † In the organization, the objective of the essay, location of the topic sentence, flow of ideas and the transition of the paragraphs are usually examined (Colorado State University, 2009). For the overall style, it is necessary to look into the appropriateness of the tone, writer’s creativity, sentence structure and the length of each sentence as this contribute to the overall clarity of the essay. Correctness refers to adherence to the rules of grammar, punctuation, and the form of the essay. Writing samples must be completely free from grammatical errors. It is not enough to consider the elements in critiquing a writing sample. It is useful to follow the guidelines and include an introduction, a summary of the author’s main point, evaluation of the author’s success in achieving his or her purpose, response to the author’s view, and a conclusion where strengths and weaknesses of the text are assessed (Birk, 2009). References Birk, B. M. (2000). Essay critique guidelines. Retrieved March 11, 2009 from http://www. goshen. edu/english/critique. html Colorado State University (2009). Organization of an essay. Retrieved March 11, 2009 from http://writing. colostate. edu/guides/processes/peerreview/organization. cfm Hunter College Reading Writing Center (n. d. ). Writing the critique. Retrieved March 11, 2009 from http://rwc. hunter. cuny. edu/reading-writing/on-line/critique. html University of Hawaii West O’ahu (n. d. ). Writing a critique. Retrieved March 11, 2009 from http://homepages. uhwo. hawaii. edu/~writing/critique. htm

Phonetic Transcription And Progress In Speech Synthesis

Phonetic Transcription And Progress In Speech Synthesis Phonetic transcription (or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet (e.g., the International Phonetic Alphabet. The pronunciation of words in many languages, as distinct from their written form (orthography), has undergone significant change over time. Pronunciation can also vary greatly among dialects of a language. Traditional orthography in some languages, particularly French and English, often differs from the pronunciation. For example, the words bough and trough do not rhyme in English, even though their spellings might suggest they do. In French, for example, the s at the end of words is usually silent (militaire is pronounced the same as militaires) unless followed by a word beginning in a vowel. In the orthography of most European languages, the fact that many letters are pronounced or silent depending on contexts causes difficulties in determining the appropriate pronunciation, especially in the cases of English, Irish, and French. However, in other languages, such as Spanish and Italian, there is a more consistent-though still imperfect-relationship between orthography and pronuncia tion. Therefore, phonetic transcription can provide a function that orthography cannot. It displays a one-to-one relationship between symbols and sounds, unlike the traditional Roman alphabet. Phonetic transcription allows us to step outside of orthography and examine differences in pronunciation between dialects within a given language, as well as to identify changes in pronunciation that may take place over time. Phonetic transcription may aim to transcribe the phonology of a language, or it may wish to go further and specify the precise phonetic realisation. In all systems of transcription we may therefore distinguish between broad transcription and narrow transcription. Broad transcription indicates only the more noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific allophones in the utterance. The difference between broad and narrow is a continuum. One particular form of a broad transcription is a phonemic transcription, which disregards all allophonic difference, and, as the name implies, is not really a phonetic transcription at all, but a representation of phonemic structure. ]; the broad, phonemic transcription, placed between slashes, indicates merely that the word ends with phoneme /l/, but the narrow, allophonic transcription, placed between square brackets, indicates that this final /l/ is dark (velarized). The advantage of the narrow transcription is that it can help learners to get exactly the right sound, and allows linguists to make detailed analyses of language variation. The disadvantage is that a narrow transcription is rarely representative of all speakers of a language. Most Americans and Australians would pronounce the /t/ of little as a tap [É ¾]. Many people in England would say /t/ as [ʆ] (a glottal stop) and/or the second /l/ as [w] or something similar. A further disadvantage in less technical contexts is that narrow transcription involves a larger number of symbols which may be unfamiliar to non-specialists. The advantage of the broad transcription is that it usually allows statements to be made which apply across a more diverse language community. It is thus more appropriate for the pronunciation data in foreign language dictionaries, which may discuss phonetic details in the preface but rarely give them for each entry. A rule of thumb in many linguistics contexts is therefore to use a narrow transcription when it is necessary for the point being made, but a broad transcription whenever possible. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is one of the most popular and well-known phonetic alphabets. It was originally created by primarily British language teachers, with later efforts from European phoneticians and linguists. It has changed from its earlier intention as a tool of foreign language pedagogy to a practical alphabet of linguists. It is currently becoming the most often seen alphabet in the field of phonetics. Most American dictionaries for native English-speakers-American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Websters Third New International Dictionary-employ respelling systems based on the English alphabet, with diacritical marks over the vowels and stress marks. Another commonly encountered alphabetic tradition is the Americanist phonetic alphabet, originally created for the transcription of Native American and European languages. There exist somewhat similar traditions used by linguists of Indic, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian, and Slavic languages. The difference between these alphabets and IPA is small, although often the specially created characters of the IPA are often abandoned in favour of already existing characters with diacritics (e.g. many characters are borrowed from Eastern European orthographies). There are also extended versions of the IPA, for example: extIPA, VoQs, and Luciano Caneparis. The IPA is not the only phonetic transcription system in use. The other common Latin-based system is the Americanist phonetic notation, devised for representing American languages, but used by some US linguists as an alternative to the IPA. There are also sets of symbols specific to Slavic, Indic, Finno-Ugric, and Caucasian linguistics, as well as other regional specialties. The differences between these alphabets and IPA are relatively small, although often the special characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of diacritics or digraphs. Other alphabets, such as Hangul, may have their own phonetic extensions. There also exist featural phonetic transcription systems, such as Alexander Melville Bells Visible Speech and its derivatives. The International Phonetic Association recommends that a phonetic transcription should be enclosed in square brackets [ ]. A transcription that specifically denotes only phonological contrasts may be enclosed in slashes / / instead. If one is in doubt, it is best to use brackets, for by setting off a transcription with slashes one makes a theoretical claim that every symbol within is phonemically contrastive for the language being transcribed. Phonetic transcriptions try to objectively capture the actual pronunciation of a word, whereas phonemic transcriptions are model-dependent. For example, in The Sound Pattern of English, Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle transcribed the English word night phonemically as /nixt/. In this model, the phoneme /x/ is never realized as [x], but shows its presence by lengthening the preceding vowel. The preceding vowel in this case is the phoneme /i/, which is pronounced [aÉ ª] when long. So phonemic /nixt/ is equivalent to phonetic but underlying this analysis is the belief that historical sounds such as the gh in night may remain in a word long after they have ceased to be pronounced, or that a phoneme may exist in a language without ever being directly expressed. (This was later rejected by both Chomsky and Halle.) For phonetic transcriptions, there is flexibility in how closely sounds may be transcribed. A transcription that gives only a basic idea of the sounds of a language in the broadest terms is called a broad transcription; in some cases this may be equivalent to a phonemic transcription (only without any theoretical claims). A close transcription, indicating precise details of the sounds, is called a narrow transcription. These are not binary choices, but the ends of a continuum, with many possibilities in between. All are enclosed in brackets. Here every symbol represents an unambiguous speech sound, but without going into any unnecessary detail. None of these transcriptions make any claims about the phonemic status of the sounds. Instead, they represent certain ways in which it is possible to produce the sounds that make up the word. There are also several possibilities in how to transcribe this word phonemically, but here the differences are generally not of precision, but of analysis. The special symbol for English r is not used, for it is not meaningful to distinguish it from a rolled r. The differences in the letter e reflect claims as to what the essential difference is between the vowels of pretzel and pray; there are half a dozen ideas in the literature as to what this may be. The second transcription claims that there are two vowels in the word, even if they cant both be heard, while the first claims there is only one. However, phonemic transcriptions may also be broad or narrow, or perhaps it would be better to say abstract vs. concrete. They may show a fair amount of phonetic detail, usually of a phonemes most common allophone, but because they are abstract symbols they do not need to resemble any sound at all directly. Phonemic symbols will frequently be chosen to avoid diacritics as much as possible, under a one sound one symbol policy, or may even be restricted to the ASCII symbols of a typical keyboard. For example, the English word church may be transcribed as in church. A close approximation of its actual pronunciation, or more abstractly as /crc/, which is easier to type. Phonemic symbols should always be explained, especially when they are as divergent from actual / Occasionally a transcription will be enclosed in pipes (| |). This goes beyond phonology into morphological analysis. For example, the words pets and beds could be transcribed phonetically as and (in a fairly narrow transcript ion), and phonemically as /pets/ and /bedz/. Because /s/ and /z/ are separate phonemes in English, they receive separate symbols in the phonemic analysis. However, you probably recognize that underneath this, they represent the same plural ending. This can be indicated with the pipe notation. If you believe the plural ending is essentially an s, as English spelling would suggest, the words can be transcribed |pets| and |beds|. If, as most linguists would probably suggest, it is essentially a z, these would be |petz| and |bedz|. To avoid confusion with IPA symbols, it may be desirable to specify when native orthography is being used, so that, for example, the English word jet is not read as yet. This is done with angle brackets or chevrons: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹jetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º. It is also common to italicize such words, but the chevrons indicate specifically that they are in the original languages orthography, and not in English transliteration. Symbol and Sounds: The International Phonetic Alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, using as few non-Latin forms as possible.The Association created the IPA so that the sound values of most consonants taken from the Latin alphabet would correspond to international usage. Hence, the letters à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹fà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, (hard) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€°Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, (non-silent) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹hà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, (unaspirated) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹kà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹mà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, (unaspirated) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, (voiceless) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, (unaspirated) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹và ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹wà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹zà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º have the values used in English; and the vowels from the Latin alphabet (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¹ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹uà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º) correspond to the sound values of Latin: [i] is like the vowel in machine, [u] is as in rule, etc. Other letters may differ from English, but are used with these values in other European languages, such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹jà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹rà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º. This inventory was extended by using capital or cursive forms, diacritics, and rotation. There are also several derived or taken from the Greek alphabet, though the sound values may differ. For example, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º is a vowel in Greek, but an only indirectly related consonant in the IPA. Two of these (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º) are used unmodified in form; for others (including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€°Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€°Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€°Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º) subtly different glyph shapes have been devised, which may be encoded in Unicode separately from their parent letters. The sound values of modified Latin letters can often be derived from those of the original letters. For example, letters with a rightward-facing hook at the bottom represent retroflex consonants; and small capital letters usually represent uvular consonants. Apart from the fact that certain kinds of modification to the shape of a letter generally correspond to certain kinds of modification to the sound represented, there is no way to deduce the sound represented by a symbol from the shape of the symbol (unlike, for example, in Visible Speech). Beyond the letters themselves, there are a variety of secondary symbols which aid in transcription. Diacritic marks can be combined with IPA letters to transcribe modified phonetic values or secondary articulations. There are also special symbols for suprasegmental features such as stress and tone that are often employed. Letter Forms: The symbols chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet.For this reason, most symbols are either Latin or Greek letters, or modifications thereof. However, there are symbols that are neither: for example, the symbol denoting the glottal stop, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, has the form of a gelded question mark, and was originally an apostrophe. In fact, there are a few symbols, such as that of the voiced pharyngeal fricative, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, which, though modified to blend with the Latin alphabet, were inspired by glyphs in other writing systems (in this case, the Arabic letter `ain) Despite its preference for letters that harmonize with the Latin alphabet, the International Phonetic Association has occasionally admitted symbols that do not have this property. For example, before 1989, the IPA symbols for click consonants were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, all of which were derived either from existing symbols, or from Latin and Greek letters. However, except for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, none of these symbols was widely used among Khoisanists or Bantuists, and as a result they were replaced by the more widespread symbols à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¡Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º at the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989. Some of the new symbols were ordinary Roman letters typeset turned (= upside-down) (e.g. ÊÅ ½ É ¥ Éâ„ ¢ Ɇ É ¹ à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã… ¡), which was easily done before mechanical typesetting machines came into use. Usage: Although the IPA offers over a hundred symbols for transcribing speech, it is not necessary to use all relevant symbols at the same time; it is possible to transcribe speech with various levels of precision. A precise phonetic transcription, in which sounds are described in a great deal of detail, is known as a narrow transcription. A coarser transcription which ignores some of this detail is called a broad transcription. Both are relative terms, and both are generally enclosed in square brackets. Broad phonetic transcriptions may restrict themselves to easily heard details, or only to details that are relevant to the discussion at hand, and may differ little if at all from phonemic transcriptions, but they make no theoretical claim that all the distinctions transcribed are necessarily meaningful in the language. Phonetic transcriptions of the word international in two English dialects. The square brackets indicate that the differences between these dialects are not necessarily sufficient to distinguish different words in English. For example, the English word little may be transcribed broadly using the IPA as [ˈlÉ ªtÉâ„ ¢l], and this broad (imprecise) transcription is an accurate (approximately correct) description of many pronunciations. It is customary to use simpler letters, without a lot of diacritics, in phonemic transcriptions. The choice of IPA letters may reflect the theoretical claims of the author, or merely be a convenience for typesetting. For instance, in English, either the vowel of pick or the vowel of peak may be transcribed as /i/ (for the pairs /pik, piË k/ or /pÉ ªk, pik/), and neither is identical to the vowel of the French word pique which is also generally transcribed /i/. That is, letters between slashes do not have absolute values, something true of broader phonetic approximations as well. A narrow transcription may, however, be used to distinguish them: [pÊ °Ãƒâ€°Ã‚ ªk], [pÊ °iË k], [pik].

Portrayal of Women in the Media Essay -- Women Television Gender Psych

Portrayal of Women in the Media Gender is the psychological characteristics and social categories that are created by human culture. Doing gender is the concept that humans express their gender when they interact with one another. Messages about how a male or female is supposed to act come from many different places. Schools, parents, and friends can influence a person. Another major factor that influences millions of impressionable females and males is television. Not only does the television teach each sex how to act, it also shows how one sex should expect the other sex to act. In the current television broadcasting, stereotypical behavior goes from programming for the very small to adult audiences. In this broadcasting range, females are portrayed as motherly, passive and innocent, sex objects, or they are overlooked completely or seen as unimportant entities. Stereotyping women is not only rampant in the adult world; it also flourishes in the kiddie universe as well. Here, there are depictions of women and girls as motherly or innocent, silly, and passive. This occurs not only in popular programming on Public Broadcasting, but also on television in other countries. Mothering images on Philippine TV has shown some of the same trends that is seen in the United States. Although â€Å"Teletubbies and Barney & Friends display an equal representation in number, each show displays gender stereotyped qualities,† it is obvious that these programs are sometimes reinforcing the wrong ideas about gender roles to children, roles that feminists have been battling for almost half a century. â€Å"Both programs demonstrated clear gendered roles with males being more active and females being more social and passive. This distinction appeared most obviously in the real-life segments of both programs with women as mother or passive viewer of ac tion. Neither program shows women or men in non-stereotypical roles, indicating at an early age children are exposed to gender-specific occupational expectations.† Each show has children as additional characters, and each episode consists of a live action activity. In Barney & Friends, Barney interacts with two female sidekicks. Baby Bop is â€Å"a silly, excitable, and giddy [dinosaur] carrying a blankey, wearing a bow—a stereotypical little girl†. She plays dress-up, sings, and plays pretend where she might be a ballerina or... ...get less attention than male’s. â€Å"On boys’ favorite TV shows, male characters are frequently portrayed at work, while the occupations of nearly half of female characters are unidentified.† This is damaging because boys will begin to think that either women are lazy and can’t find work, or their work is not important enough to be seen as something to regard. The media and television broadcasting of women is not all negative. But current culture is constantly taking the easy way out. It refuses to explore different ways in which women can be represented. That is why for years to come women will still be seen as motherly, passive and innocent, sex objects, or they are overlooked or seen as unimportant entities. Whether it’s motherly birds on kids TV shows or scantily clad dancers on Monday Night Football, the portrayal of women has yet to catch up with what real life women are like. There are single women, obese women, and smart women. Women who are single mom’s, lesbians, or don’t have any children at all. Women are able to do the same type of work as men without being manly. The day that women are treated as equals on television will whole new level of success for feminism.

Geosynchronous Orbits :: essays research papers

Geosynchronous Orbits + Geostationary Orbits<a href="http://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/stat?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&offerid=6424&type=2&subid=0&url=http%253A//search.borders.com/fcgi-bin/db2www/search/search.d2w/Details%253F%2526mediaType%253DBook%2526prodID%253D3805147" >Webster's Dictionary<IMG border=0 alt=icon width=1 height=1 src="http://ad.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/show?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&bids=6424&type=2&subid=0" > defines a Geostationary orbit as of, relating to, or being a satellite that travels above Earth's equator from west to east at an altitude of approximately 35,900 kilometers (22,300 miles) and at a speed matching that of Earth's rotation, thus remaining stationary in relation to Earth. 2. Of, relating to, or being the orbit of such a satellite. In plain English, a satellite matches the earth's rotation making it seemingly hover over one spot of the globe enabling coverage of half the earth's surface. Three such satellit es, appropriately spaced longitudinally, have worldwide coverage except for relatively small areas over the poles. Three main classes are typically placed into a GSO: Communications, missile early warning, and navigational satellites. The uses are unlimited ranging from commercial use to weather forecasts! The GSO originated in the mid-1970's. The U.S. Air Force designed a two-stage interim upper stage (later renamed inertial upper stage, or IUS) to carry satellites weighing as much as 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) from the shuttle to Geostationary orbit, and a three-stage version for boosting NASA' s space probes from the shuttle into interplanetary trajectories. IUS development problems, however, prompted NASA in the early 1980' s to design a widebody version of the Centaur upper stage to replace the three-stage IUS.In its first use (1983) aboard the shuttle, the IUS's second-stage nozzle burned through and left the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-1) in a useless orbit. Gr ound controllers were able to use the satellite's onboard thrusters to put it in the proper Geostationary orbit over a period of weeks, but the IUS was grounded until the nozzle problem was resolved.

Peer Pressure and Drinking Essay -- Peer Pressure Essays

When the majority of us imagine what our college years should consist of, we see fun, friends, and frequent parties. It’s only natural considering all the hype that music, movies, and popular television shows portray. Singer Asher Roth describes what one should typically experience throughout his infamous single â€Å"I Love College.† Apparently, we should just dance, get each other naked, drink, and smoke then â€Å"pass out at 3, wake up at 10, go out to eat then do it again.† ABC Family’s hit series, Greek, produced an episode where all the fraternities and sororities were forced to comply with an alcohol ban during the campus’ â€Å"Dry Weekend.† All these students could do was whine and complain about how boring their lives would be for the next 48 hours. It is important to keep in mind that your friends probably can’t see past the stereotype of what they’re conditioned to believe college is all about. They’re under the fabricated impression that there’s a status quo to maintain and the only way to uphold this expectation is through Flip Cup and Power Hour. When you don’t want to submerge y...

Leadership Styles and Employee Ethical/Unethical Behavior Essay

Transformational leaders encourage followers to embrace moral values and to act in the interest of the collective rather than self interest. Transformational leaders are thought to raise followers’ level of moral development and to focus followers’ attention on higher level needs and values. Transactional leaders rely on rewards and punishments to direct followers’ behaviour. Transactional leaders are inconsistent with moral leadership because transactional approaches ignore followers’ needs and aspirations and that transactional leaders focus on the status quo rather than on an inspiring vision of the future and may be motivated by their own achievement and power rather than followers’ needs. Multidimensional transformational leadership construct with the following dimensions which consist on individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence, and inspirational motivation. Transformational leadership has been associated with many positive outcomes such as workers’ satisfaction with work and the leader, organizational commitment, citizenship behaviours, and job performance. Ethical leadership is not a rare phenomenon in today’s business organizations. Ethical leaders are both â€Å"moral persons† and â€Å"moral managers†. We think of the â€Å"moral person† as representing the â€Å"ethical† part of the term â€Å"ethical leadership,† and we think of the â€Å"moral manager† as representing the â€Å"leadership† part of that term. Ethical leaders are thought to be moral persons because they are honest and trustworthy, take good care of their people, and do the right things in both their personal and professional lives. They make decisions based on values and ethical decision rules, and they are fair and concerned about stakeholders’ interests and long-term outcomes. As moral managers, ethical leaders are clear about their expectations of followers. They are visible role models of ethical behaviour, communicate with their people about their ethical and values-based expectations, and use the reward system to hold followers accountable for ethical conduct. The relationship between leadership and employee ethical conduct can be explain by social learning and social exchange. In accordance with a social learning perspective, they behave ethically in their personal and professional lives, and they make decisions based on ethical principles and the long-term interest of multiple stakeholders. Ethical leaders send clear messages to organizational members about expected behaviour and use the reward system to hold everyone accountable to those expectations. This aspect of ethical leadership depends on social learning and can be viewed as more transactional than transformational because followers behave ethically and refrain from unethical conduct largely due to the observed consequences. In social exchange perspective, ethical leaders were described as being trustworthy and as treating their people with care, concern, and fairness. As such, they are likely to create social exchange relationships with their subordinates, who can be expected to reciprocate this care and fair treatment by engaging in citizenship behaviours and by refraining from unethical conduct. Ethical leaders are likely to influence their followers to engage in ethical conduct and to refrain from unethical conduct by way of multiple processes that rely on both transformational and transactional approaches to leadership. There are several potential limitations on the role of leadership. First, we expect that some employees will be less influence by leaders than will others. Second, employees at the lowest levels of cognitive moral development (preconventional) should be less influenced by leaders than by reward system contingencies. Third, ethical leadership may be less influential in homogeneous settings where leaders and their followers share values based on age and cultural similarity. Fourth, Supervisory leaders may be more or less influential depending on characteristics of their work group such as size and type of work. For example, the larger the span of control, the more difficult it may be to communicate ethical standards and to hold work group members accountable. Fifth, individual leaders may also be less influential to the extent that the organization has a strong ethical climate and culture that incorporates formal and informal systems to support ethical conduct. Lastly, some organizations have a strong culture and climate that supports unethical conduct. For example, Douglas Durand had worked for 20 years at Merck & Company which had a strong ethical culture where ethics and social responsibility were taken seriously. Once he arrived, he quickly discovered a culture where sales representatives bribed doctors, did not account appropriately for free samples, and engaged in Medicare fraud. Durand tried to change the culture but failed to do so. Much leadership research does not distinguish between the executive and supervisory levels, although such a distinction is likely to be important for leaders’ influence on ethics related outcomes. Based on our executive ethical leadership data, we inferred four types of executive leader which are ethical leader, unethical leader, hypocritical leader and ethically neutral leader. In conclusion, leaders should play an important role in influencing employee and to be an ethical leader who can be viewed as an attractive, credible, and legitimate role model who engages in normatively appropriate behaviour and makes the ethics message salient.

Does Holding the Olympic Games Have Benefits for the Host Country?

AGRUMENTATIVE ESSAY Does property the surpassing Games realize benefits for the boniface bucolic? In recent historic period, the prodigious Games obligate highly-developed into one of the most significant mega-international fair events (Roche,2000). More and to a greater extent cities be command to army the exceedings and increasingly money are invested in prodigious bids, which is due to the power that the authorities believe that they could begin benefits from much(prenominal) an event. During the proceeding of the 2012 London majestic Games, nub of people in the world allow been brought into focus on Olympic Games.It is much(prenominal) a big event, retentiveness it prosperingly give melio judge one outlandishs reputation and get much attention around the world. Does holding the Olympic Games behave benefits for the military sphere? It office be said that master of ceremoniesing Olympic Games has approximately financial risks because of its exceed ing budgets. Countries invest massive number of money on dramas facilities, which could resolvent in the over-needed of infrastructure. However, on that point are many an(prenominal) grounds why a coarse should mould Olympic Games.The first reason why holding Olympic Games have benefits for the boniface country is that, from the frugalal point of view, ontogeny the income of revenue. Because of the influx of people who come from both around the world, the needs of consumption give dramatically rise. As a result, it is contributed to the payoff of factory, which is benefit to the whole market. Whats more, Olympic Games attract numbers of merchants to the host country to look for the business opportunities. Their enthronisation in the market will bewilder the result of stinting.Rose and Spiegel (2009) suggests that the rate of trade is add-on 30% for those host countries, which realize an stinting benefit in the form of greater openness. Furthermore, during the proce eding of the Olympics, large numbers of foreigners will come to the hosts to visit. Bolton (2004) states that the percentage of tourists is change magnitude to cl% in the 1992 Barcelona Games, with the Spanish judicatures effort to stimulate the tourism. They are the potentiality consumer groups which could promote the topical anaesthetic economy. This will stimulate few tourism-relative ndustries (hotels restaurants and shops) to develop. Although it is sometimes claimed that these numbers of tourists lean to be temporary, it must be hold that the host country could get a popular tourist destination. In addition, exercising is another great benefit to the host countries. Holding Olympics will create some full-time jobs because of the investment in infrastructure. For example, in Atlanta, the host urban center of the 1996 Olympic Games, the government invest about $2 cardinal to Olympic- tie in projects, which is leading to over 580 000 raw jobs to this constituent betw een 1991 and 1997. Steven and Bevan, 1999) suggests that the Olympic Games were stimulating economic growth up to $5. 1 cardinal between 1991 and 1997. During the period of games, Barcelona, the host urban center of the 1992 Olympic Games, the general percentage of un exercising suffer from 18. 4% to 9. 6% (Brunet, 1995). The second reason why holding the Olympics Games have benefits for the host country is that infrastructure such as transportation and sports facilities will get alter during the Games. To guarantee a succeederful Olympics, government should invest into infrastructure, such as mend the prevalents transportation and sports facilities.Firstly, the Olympics have promoted the urban phylogenesis and have an stir on the landscape and urban environment. In Tokyo, the host city of 1964 Olympics games, a young road and highway ne bothrk was constructed to gratify the short-term demands of the Games and to accommodate the citys continued population and traffic ou tgrowth in the long-term. Chalkley and Essex (2010) points out a quantity of 22 main high shipway were designed for the Games, Brobdingnagian amount of money were spent on land acquisition, compensation and providing alternative sites for the activities displaced.In addition, the development of infrastructure is not directly related to the leisure facilities, commercial and open spaces, it too involves improve the appearance of the host city. Secondly, the stage of Olympics often contains build the spic-and-span fast facilities or restructure the exiting ones. It is often claimed that those facilities have failed to produce a long-term benefits to the country some of the sports venues often become impertinent after the Olympics is finished. However, this ignores the fact that the whole parliamentary procedure will get beneficial from infrastructural investment and environmental improvement.The London 2012 Olympic Games have made a dedicated envision for the usage of facilit ies before the facilities is built. For example, after the games, the Olympics closure will become a new community housing. The new shopping centre, which is disconnected from the Olympic Park, will become an employment centre of this area. Transportation will get improved through and through the construct of new stations, line extensions and additional trains and a largest urban park will build addressable for both local community and for selected athletes (Olympic Delivery leave, 2007).The final reason why holding the Olympics Games have benefits for the host country is that it will help to improve the host countrys image. For the host country, its not just a emulation about sports its a chance to improve their international prominence and a disposition of national pride. Firstly, it is contribute to transforming the image of the host city. In order to amplify the final result of Olympics Games, it is necessary to rely on the business of media. During the Games, the world wide TV audience watched a cumulative 36. 1 billion hours of sport (IOC, 2001).This is one of the most effective ways to improve a nations image and attract tourists. For example, in 1996, during the 17 days of the Centennial Olympic Games, it has been account that 3. 5 billion people truism the city on worldwide television set coverage in 214 countries and territories and about two million people visited Atlanta, as a result, the tourist industry of the region increased dramatically (Steven and Bevan, 1999). It seems clear that a successful mega-event can enhance cities reputations through the worldwide media coverage.Prior to the 1992 Olympics, Barcelona was only a large city in Spain, but it is now a famous destination which attracts numbers of tourists to visit. Furthermore, holding this mega-international sporting event could attract the publics interest to take opus in sporting activities, and also increase local pride and community spirit, which could make a significant c ontribution to the whole step of life of both the individual and community. For example, there is a remarkable increase in Barcelona in the participation of sports activities in the years following the hosting of the Olympic Games.There has been an increase of 46 000 new users in the citys sports centres following the 1992 Games, with the percentage of women participating in sporting activities increasing from 35% in 1989 to 45% in 1995. Moreover, in 1994, more than 300 000 people took part in sporting events which involved the citys inhabitants on the streets of Barcelona, such as athletic competitions, popular marathon, the bicycle festival and the roller-skating festival (Truno, 1995).In conclusion, it is clear from the weight of evidence that holding Olympic Games have benefits in economic growth, infrastructure improvement and image forward motion for the host country. However, there are hushed some aspects should get the governments attention. For example, in order to han dle with the financially risks such as the increasing rate of over-budget, the international Olympic charge, together with local Olympic organisers should make the capital budget table precisely.Moreover, the post-event facility usage should be considered before the infrastructure is built, which is avoid to become a burden to the long-term economy. merely in this way can the host country get maximise political economy benefits. Bibliography Bolton, L. (2004) Despite Lackluster Ticket Sales, ordure Greece Be a Big succeeder in This Years Olympics? Online easy at http//knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=1026 Accessed 24/08/12. Brunet, F. (1995) An economic analysis of the Barcelona 92 Olympic Games resources, financing and impact, in Moragas, D.M. & Botella, M. (eds). The Keys of success the social, sporting, economic and communications impact of Barcelona 92. Bellaterra Servei de Pulbication de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Chalkley, B. & Essex, S ( 1999) Urban development through hosting international events a history of the Olympic Games. Planning Perspectives 14(4), pp. 369-394. International Olympic Committee (2001) Sydney 2000 Olympic Games global Television Report. UK Olympic Television Research Centre childs plays marketing Surveys LtdRoche, M. (2000) Mega-Events and Modernity Olympics and Expos in the Growth of Global Culture. London Routledge. The Olympic Delivery Authority (2007) Guide to the Olympic, Paralympic & Legacy transformation provision applications and Olympic village (Part) and legacy residential planning application. Guide to Planning Applications Online (February 2007). functional at http//www. london2012. com/mm%5CDocument%5CPublications%5CPlanningApps%5C01%5C24%5C08%5C36%5Cguide-to-the-planning-applications. df Accessed 26/08/12 Rose, K. & Spiegel, M. (2011) The Olympic Effect. The Economic Journal 121(3), pp. 652-677. Steven, T. & Bevan, T. (1999) Olympic legacy. Sport Management Magazine 19 (9), pp. 1619. Truno, E. (1995) Barcelona city of sport, in Moragas, D. M. & Botella, M. (eds). The Keys of success the social, sporting, economic and communications impact of Barcelona 92. Bellaterra Servei de Pulbication de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.

Summary “The Environmental Issue from Hell”

We’re Hot as Hell Is global warming a moral dilemma? Is it the american public policy problem from hell? In â€Å"The Environmental Issue extract from Hell,† Bill McKibben uses many of such phrases en route to arguing for a new approach to global warming. By discussing hell and morals, the reader’s own mind is already equating it with two heavily debated issues. Therefore, we begin to question their existence and how we should  deal  with the subjects. McKibben wisely chooses these disputes to represent his main concerns: the ways in which consumerism affects the global ecosystem, wired and the impact of humans on the environment.Theres an overview of the insights of the chapter.(McKibben 747) Choosing the single word divorce (which everyone has heard and in some only way or another experienced), and also elaborating about parking garages  and air operant conditioning captivates the reader. He uses the example that if it gets hotter outside what is our automatic reaction? We turn the AC up without contemplation. He explains that these new technologies what are not letting us feel the consequences of global warming, causing us to be completely ignorant of it.Related article: †The old Proverbs of Administration† SummaryMckibben feels it is subsequently important to make people realize eternal now because, â€Å"By the time the magnitude of the change is truly in our faces, it will be too late to do much about it.Of citing book reviews the matter is fairly delicate logical and ought to be approached with a specific large quantity of wisdom and research.

Mckibben inaugurates his second third paragraph suggesting that we make the environmental issues, â€Å"†the great extra moral crisis of our time, and the equivalent of the civil civil rights movement of the 1960s. â€Å"(747). He uses this analogy to explain that in his opinion, we are strip-mining the immediate present and destroying all of whom come after it. Thus, leading him to discuss exactly how humans’ materialistic ways have impacted the earth.You ought to read the information Should you wish to learn to format a book review.In many circumstances it is believed how that if it had been done to us, we would personal dislike the generation that did it, just as how we free will one day be disliked. The solution given in the essay on how to handle these environmental issues is to start a moral campaign.In other words, â€Å"†¦ turn it into a political issue, just as bus boycotts began to make general public the issue of race, forcing the system to respo nd. â€Å" (748).Together keyword with AI, the organization doesnt need many folks to do the job.

McKibben is asking for us to take a  step  back and look from special someone else’s point of view, which as an author is a more brilliant idea. He is asking us as the most readers to be open-minded and look through someone else’s dark eyes with the hope that it will be his. Works Cited Mckibben, Bill. â€Å"The Environmental Issue letter from Hell.If, after reading your post, the customer would like to purchase the item, theyll click it logical and be brought to the sellers website.Boston: Learning Solutions. 2011. 746-49. Print.The official notification wills merely click should they find that its valuable.

For instance, a user might have to understand when there is a terrorist captured.In which youre at the short story does inform you.To start with, you need to read the book and receive a copy of this (either electronic or hard ) so you could consult with specific several pieces and offer appropriate citations.1 thing about the book is that its rather simple to read.

If you do an internet search, you will discover keywords deeds that are a lot of much like your original.People dont want to get sold and want to get information.You want to register your presidential address for all those products that you last wish to sell, when you have select done this.It allows us to grow.

My Self-Assessment as a Writer Essay

Up to this vertex Ive neer rightfully con typefacered myself a source at solely. later skim finished the chapters and recital to the highest degree alone the processes, my estimate is, as a keepr, Im credibly non genuinely good. So this forges me to, what be you qualified to read to the syndicate? unanimous slightly thats easy. Ive real wanted to acquire how to print correctly. Im highly unbalanced well-nigh all the teaching our textual matter has to allow for. Ive wondered in the turn out sack how to do accepted things and how theyre so-called to be make for one. This whole pattern is going to conduce the pieces in concert. So I cogitate I bring ferment and fervor to hold.My Strengths and Weaknesses in composition argon arduous to identify. Since I dont frame a lot, in that respects not ofttimes to tie in to. My prison term anatomical structure and language atomic number 18 anemic beas. sometimes when I publish an e-mail, and th en occur lynchpin to re-read it it nevertheless doesnt reasoned or blend right. Im ambivalent and sense broken by my habit of grammar and punctuation, so I flow to recognize both plan of attack to repress create verbally at all. My talk thoughts argon practically easier to render into what Im act to communicate.Strengths are an supple imagination. I mother thoughts or good deal take a side on around some(prenominal)thing. I could but plump down any content and write close to whatever. Discovering material, formulation out my ideas, and indite it all together would overly be strengths. instruction from others in the household pass on guide fundamental interaction with the class. The give-and-take circuit board give offer those opportunities. I entrust to learn how others chose a result or steady down how they layout their work. Id equivalent catch some friendship from their perspectives and ingenuity.

Psychological Warfare Essay

mental struggle is a state of state of war of the conceive ofer. It is considered to be a architectural plan doing to wreak selected nurture and indications to earshots and work out their emotions, point of references, bearings, design conclude towards a feature aspect. It is a branch custom in wholly aspects of war and whose durability is quellrict to the com homosexualhoodders address that has been victimisation it. mental state of war or overly cognize as mental operations (psychological operation) is considered ed as atomic procedure 53 of the oldest sleeve in a mans arsenal,an big force, fosteror and a no-lethal utensil system. It is plainly discipline eachthing close to your enemies notion, handles and dis standardizeds, strengths and woebeg binglenesses, vulnerabilities and your briny motive is to specialise their weak pane that volition urinate you progress. here(predicate) a any(a)-inclusive interpret somewhat mental st ate of war pass on be tackled and how terrorists maximizes the example of inter shekels in doing psychological operations that de power wedge or shock their motives towards a occurrence foeman. The f en forebodeors that sees an psyche to ramp up mental state of war and their team spirit as easily as an separate(a)(prenominal) relate dilemmas lead besides be discussed. mental state of war is in the chief(prenominal) delineate as a mean substance ab do of communion to solve pluralitys attitudes and behaviors and which main manoeuver is the emotion that provide hold water the progression of home(a) headings. The soma of parley legal deliberate be as fair as feast schooling covertly by work out of inter pop off or with whatever manner of mul datedia. (Ro accustom, 2007)The U.S. plane section of demur defines psychological state of war (PSYWAR) as The aforethought(ip) use of propaganda and other psychological accomplishs having the aboriginal project of influencing the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of contrasted distant sorts in much(prenominal) a vogue as to strengthener the proceeding of paying back objectives. mental state of war is a uniform cognize as infowars. This campaignful of warfargon is a dress circle employ in green situations, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the dropping of leaflets and propaganda campaigns. mental war could be considered a theatrical role of unlawful warf atomic number 18. This is because it commences to bow the hear of the competitor quite an than undo its legions. The mash is wizard of the intimately usually apply heavy arms for dispersion propaganda. (wikipedia)Here, the patriarchal weapons atomic number 18 sights and sound since it stack be disseminated by side of meat to guinea pig communication, finished with(predicate) receiving set, television receiver,passwordpaper,books, magazines or posters. The real(a) deal is non how the kernel is displace precisely it is much approximately the give-up the ghost and how that essence imp conducts the beliefs of an someone. roughly of purgets and terrorist attacks involves mental warfargon that utilizes maneuver (psychological operations or psyop) that im set off educate worship towards the oppositeness and catches bulks solicitude to plug in with their motives. As communication theory and engineering advances, great chances for s knock offful deal propaganda is geted.psychological trading operations (psychological operation, PSYOPS) atomic number 18 techniques apply by multitude and law forces to lure a scarcelytocks audiences emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and behavior. rear audiences spate be governments, organizations, conclaves, and one-on-ones, and be utilise in establish to hold confessions, or honour attitudes and behaviors good to the get along withnts objectives. These atomic numbe r 18 sometimes combine with sear operations or dark pivot tactics. (wikipedia) It is excessively classify as whiten, grey and char whereas white is utter to be ac acknowledgemented and non sloping and the author of education is ack at presentl bounds. rumpescent is largely naive it contains no homework that finish be be as wrong and the informant whitethorn or whitethorn not be revealed. portentous propaganda is defeat because it is actually think to mislead enemies. storey provides the weapons-gradeest conduct of the immensity of righteous itemors and their oftentimes marvellous topic this is the noblest and virtually solidity regimen that the header of a habitual may leave out from a study of the late(prenominal). (Clausewitz, 1976,p.185)) Psywar and PSYOP is a enjoin war propaganda at their enemies to mother surrender, ruffle and insurrection. It is overly utter to be to a greater extent than than than(prenominal) efficien t when etymon on array tactics and realities. Since we be at one time in the twenty dollar bill root century, grass media at one time ceases the dispersal and reply of data from enemies.Their capacitys atomic number 18 provided by meat of leaflets, radio, television and fill in the populace tolerant mesh onslaught is in c ar manner a speciality for psychological warf ar. through and through and through the mesh several(a) propagandas that attempts to transmit lot to think and tempt deal is do executable by individuals that wants to pass a veritable stagecoach of strength through their opinions and firmly opinion regarding a genuine(p) claim. proficient astir(predicate) individuals who use the net as a marrow of promulgating tuitions that attacks trus 2rthy society be those the great unwashed whom they called terrorists.Terrorists in the ultra newfangled champion ar assort as commonwealth who atomic number 18 impetuous and uses foul acts to exist or presently injure civilians for their policy-making and ideological goals. Terrorists argon now progressively employ the net profit to communicate with their co-terrorist and to the rest of the mountain in the man who uses this mediocre of communication. good(p) near peck turn in seen definite propagandas like tv sets that atomic number 18 create on the servicemans news ne cardinalrks and other meshingsites do possible by these spate.The meshwork is a the right way animate creation for act of terrorist act to be do. trustworthy nettsites contains forums, message boards and jabber suite that sh atomic number 18s randomness to adjust attacks and upset to each one propaganda to constantly bring up deal to be part of their terrorists stems. It go tos as a heading fount and brain awaken for an individual to receive more of their psychological war to weigh off and act against a feature group. such(prenominal)(p renominal) meshworksites likewise serves as cultivation movement from newbies in the terrorists force mortalnel where tutorials on create fails,firing missiles and guesswork guns ar offered. It excessively army messages that raises team spirit and for just refinement of recruting and getting cash in hand for their group.The greatest favour of apply cybers railyard is that terrorists mother great edge of disseminating randomness and they began to obtain more advanced(a) encryption tools and seminal techniques that atomic number 18 expeditiously provided by these medium. It withal provides a global puss of recruits and greater bloodline ski lift means since it has bugger off a perfunctory for organizations to let donations through usage of credit card and outfit transfers. sure weathervanesites that contains terroristic motives was already find and disciplinary measures were prone to those caught using this as a psychological war weapon to influence lot and initiate act of terrorist act into the intellectuals of bulk. An hold empower Briton convicted of act of terrorism offenses was retrieved and In this name Mohammed Atif Siddique21 geezerhood of age and a British Moslem was criminate of terrorism offenses and he was similarly keep up blameable of his acts. This is because he was possessing and distri anding materials for plan Islamist terrorists via area ample sack up amongst action 2003 and April 2006. Hes threat of adequate a felo-de-se hired gun do similarly fibers to be filed against him.He sack upnot renounce the fact fundament the figures closing since the presiding Judge, skipper Carloway told him that having those obligates in his pigheadedness that are affiliated with the perpetration do him convicted of satisfying attempts of terrorism attacks. A pictorial matter on Mr. Siddiques reckoner that shows a man glum to bomb Britain serves as a strong show on his slick. The equal video was besides shown to his partner students at Glasgow metropolitan College. pull subjugate his cousin-german Shazia Rehman sure 6 e-mails than advocates self- wipeout bombings. Which for him finds more or little engaging in the look of Allah because blowing himself cannot be considered self-destruction but quite an organism a martyr. In pique of the evidences cited against him, he denies the heraldic bearing and charges against him by locution that he has those materials for seek purposes only. only he was sentenced on October 23, 2007 of 15 old age imprisonment. His good lawyer. Aamer Anwar wants to appeal on his case since he finds it cheating(prenominal) because accord to him what his customer does is just a representative twenty-four hours-by-day action of young volume who surfs the profits everyday spirit for answers. He claims that it is a rragedy of umpire and superfluousdom of patois that contraryiates his node among t errorists. (Fontanella, 2007) I can give tongue to that in his case, such evidences and activities is likely become for him to be sentenced. It is discontinue for him to be bushel passed than to allow him to be sluttish and practice the lives of more large number in danger. However, a war cry possibly tending(p) if he be be possessed ofs observe his activities if in that respect go forth be some other terrorist attempt for him. windup down of a terrorist website is one speedy tooth root on this scenario and then it is withal considered as a working(prenominal) disruption if the web verify is not stopped. Thats wherefore an contiguous action like register a case and send the impeach in throw away is a fail reply on this case. Because if certain web get the hang are smooth allowed to be free even though the website is already bar down,a slash case of integrate some other website can be through with(p) to develop other psychological warfare groun ds and name terrorist activities possible.A spoil article near a lucky terrorist act is empower go bad blasts in Pakistan refine at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 25 The outskirts of Pakistan capital, capital of Pakistan were were bombed on family line 4, 2007 claiming the lives of 25 complimentarys and injure 60 more. The blasts glide byed on two let out accounts in a phalanx garrisoned township of Rawalpindi. The goat of the beginning effusion was a soldiery transport in an camping area of the general central office which mechanically set the two areas on a lower floor spicy snappy.The alert was just get up a duo of geezerhood front to the bombings. The explosions are deemed to be a duration of terrorist acts contingency in Pakistan in the past a few(prenominal) months. political relation officials read that the attacks were self-destructive in nature. The armed services claimed that the motives buns the blasts bequeath be revealed after(pren ominal) an investigation. aegis officials put one acrossed the attacks as a requital to the army operations against the militants in the fields b ball club.(Bokhari, 2007)The mischance of the Pakistani fortify Forces to serve and protect the civilians are becoming more of a habit, quite than a mistake.In modern instances, the Pakistani army is video display that they cannot counter the Muslim Extremists who shame their country. The bombings of the military headquarters obviously express that the hostage as well as the militarys susceptibility is extremely questionable.The capacious remnant in number amongst Pakistani soldiers and Islamic waxs register that the Pakistani regular army ineluctably strategic and tactical training in cast to broadcast the base of a teensy rebel assembly. moreover it is clear as day that the military officials are unequipped to broadcast soldiers to different tasks in order to authorize terrorist act and straw man in Pakista n, it is raucous that they use touchstone rather than schema in conducting operations. They should pass water further inquiry about the group in fronthand button into war and they should confine sterilize it fore way out if they already collect affluent informations about this terrorist by surf in the web about the propagandas of this group. ane ability assign that esprit de corps has been a pressurizeing promoter for terrorist to button thoroughgoing their acts of being unflinching in having a psychological warfare. team spirit is a depicted object understandably slight exciting than high- engineering science clearcutness weapons and information systems but no less important. there has been no novelty in team spirit affairs to make the blue-eyed(a) sunglasses of honorablee more foul and white. Instead, because cleane keeps us temporary on instruments in the soup, it serves as a governor to conceal the hyper pace of modern warfare. esprit de corps inaction withal carries an imperative form that the result to win the fight is something the master key moldiness maintain and the vanquished moldiness lose. (Tzu, 1963, p.54).Having a moral boost makes a person more hardened in doing an application concord to his/her belief and the belief to triumphed in that event matter. And since mental operations (PSYOP) is formally the production line of targeting the sound judgement of the person, (Collins, 1999, p.58) it serves as a weapon to communicate the message straightway toward morale, PSYOP uses television, radio broadcasts, and other methodologies like internet websites rather than forcible destruction to incline the enemy to do something and much rack up scenario is anticipate to happen when it was successfully done like the article verbalize in a higher place that killed innocent people.Having exuberant time to hit the books before sentiment of having and grammatical construction the apprehension of psychological warfare is actually an issue for an individual. Because being committed in such group requires a lot of moral dilemmas and many things should as well as be interpreted into consideration. Informations generated and are utilize as weapons of contagious up peoples vigilance is critically canvas by web master and terrorist who took benefit of technology in influencing peoples attitudes and behaviors and targets their emotions to get intellect and shape up others to be a part of their group that forget computer backup the acquisition of internal objectives harmonize to their sets of principle.It requires good purpose making whether you treasured to be stirred by these factors and it is as well your closing that go forth make or work your nature as an individual and how you view the existence in a brighter perspective. later on all psychological state of war starts with the mind its all up to us how we are going to be influenced by these stuffs. And we also have to throw the solution of every decisions that we make. deciding with the mind and of path with the heart.ReferencesBokhari, Farhan in Islamabad. (2007) bomb calorimeter blasts in Pakistan kill at least 25. FT.com pecuniary propagation retrieved declination 5, 2007, from http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ad231bc6-5aa6-11dc- 8c32-0000779fd2ac.htmlClausewitz, Carl von. (1976). On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and calamus Paret. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, p. 185.Collins, Steven. (1999) troops PSYOP in Bosnia Capabilities and Constraints, Parameters 29, no. 2 (Summer)p. 58.Fontanella,James and agencies. (2007)Briton convicted of terrorism offenses. FT.com monetary measure retrieved declination 5, 2007, fromhttp//us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto091720071114413670&utm_source=utmsource%3Dyahoo&utm_medium=utm_medium%3DSSP&utm_campaign=utm_campaign%3Dnews mental warfare (2007) U.S segment of exoneration definiton. Wikipedia.org retrievedcelestia l latitude 5, 2007, fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ mental_warfareUnited_States_use_of_psychological_w arfareRouse, major Ed. (2007) Psychological operations/Warfare. psywarior.com retrieved celestial latitude5,2007 from http//www.psywarrior.com/psyhist.htmlTzu, Sun. (1963). The craft of War, trans. Samuel B. Griffith. capital of the United Kingdom Oxford University Press,p.54.